Nrc swine 11th edition

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

National Research Council U. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Copyright by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.

Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in , the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in , under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.

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The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the Na- tional Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities.

The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Cicerone and Dr. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The purpose U. Austin Lewis, published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the Senior Program Officer, and Ruthie Arieti, Research Asso- report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, ciate, for their tireless effort on this project.

Lewis has and responsiveness to the study charge. The review com- provided excellent guidance, advice, and encouragement ments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect throughout the development of the report and the commit- the integrity of the deliberative process.

We wish to thank tee is extremely grateful for his support and friendship. Michael J. Moughan, Massey University, Palmerston North, agement during its preparation. The committee members wish to C. If the price decreases, we will simply charge the lower price. Applicable discounts will be extended. An ebook is one of two file formats that are intended to be used with e-reader devices and apps such as Amazon Kindle or Apple iBooks.

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This reference has guided nutritionists and other professionals in academia and the swine and feed industries in developing and implementing nutritional and feeding programs for swine.

The swine industry has undergone considerable changes since the tenth edition was published in and some of the requirements and recommendations set forth at that time are no longer relevant or appropriate.

The eleventh revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Swine builds on the previous editions published by the National Research Council. A great deal of new research has been published during the last 15 years and there is a large amount of new information for many nutrients. In addition to a thorough and current evaluation of the literature on the energy and nutrient requirements of swine in all stages of life, this volume includes information about feed ingredients from the biofuels industry and other new ingredients, requirements for digestible phosphorus and concentrations of it in feed ingredients, a review of the effects of feed additives and feed processing, and strategies to increase nutrient retention and thus reduce fecal and urinary excretions that could contribute to environmental pollution.

The tables of feed ingredient composition are significantly updated. Nutrient Requirements of Swine represents a comprehensive review of the most recent information available on swine nutrition and ingredient composition that will allow efficient, profitable, and environmentally conscious swine production. These materials complement Nutrient Requirements of Swine and permit animal nutritionists, swine producers, feed manufacturers, veterinarians, and students to determine the nutrient requirements of swine at all stages of development.

What scenario is likely to better supports sow performance? Explain why? Is it appropriate to use the same diet for feeding sows during early and late gestation? Why or why not? Again, housing conditions will not be considered and observed and predicted performance will not be matched.

For each scenario listed in the table below, enter the inputs in the model in areas with the heading Sow performance and Feed intake. Always use a gestation length of days and an anticipated birth weight of 1. For feed intake, always use two feeding levels; they are increased automatically by 0. After inputs are entered for each scenario, click Calculate and then record results in the table below.

Note that the Enter Default Inputs relates to parity 2. Scenario 1 2 3 4 Inputs Sow body weight at breeding, kg Parity 1 2 4 4 Anticipated litter size Is it appropriate to use the same diets to feed sows of different parity? Discuss the importance of anticipated litter size when establishing optimum feeding levels and dietary nutrient levels?

You can double check the accuracy of the inputs by running the model after these are entered click Calculate to obtain the results presented for Scenario 2 in the table in section Effect of parity and anticipated litter size on nutrient requirements. Then, alter some of the environmental conditions to generate alternative scenarios; run the program for each scenario and record the results.

Why do these changes occur? In a similar manner discuss how and why group housing Scenario 4 vs. Why is the response to changes in environmental temperature different for group- vs. Obviously, group-housed sows require more energy to support increased activity, and when sows are kept on concrete floors in a cool environment extra energy is needed to maintain body temperature. To explore this, make sure to return to the starting scenario Section Effect of Stage of Gestation and Feeding Regimen on Nutrient Requirements; click Enter Default Inputs and ensure No is selected following Consider housing conditions and environmental temperature?

Now select Yes following Match observed with predicted performance? New data fields will appear; ensure that the following values are entered: Observed Model Predicted Body weight at farrowing, kg - P2 back fat at breeding, mm 18 - P2 back fat at farrowing, mm A higher value reflects a leaner sow genotype and means that sows will preferentially deposit more body protein or lean body mass and less body lipid. In the model, the default value is determined by parity only and differences between sow genotypes are not considered.

Now change the two adjustment parameters for the scenarios that are listed in the table below and record the results. Remember to run the model click Calculate after inputs have changed for each of the scenarios. Within this context, discuss the importance of accurately predicting sow performance for estimating nutrient requirements of gestating sows. No Match observed with predicted performance?

Now all relevant information has been entered to generate estimates of nutrient requirements for the default scenario. To do this, click Calculate. The screen has now automatically moved to the results. Results can be explored for various time periods during lactation.

Under the headings RESULTS and Range in days for estimating nutrient requirements enter 1 for Initial day and 21 for Final day to explore average daily performance and average nutrient requirements during the entire lactation period. Enter key result and nutrient requirements in the first column in the table below Scenario 1; Parity 2 and higher. To explore nutrient requirements of Parity 1 lactating sows enter the values shown in the table above and for Scenario 2 Parity 1 in the appropriate fields under INPUTS and either Sow performance or Feed intake, run the model click Calculate and enter the results in the table below.

There is no need to rerun the model to explore the effects of each input individually; these differences will be explored in more detail in subsequent sections. Return to the default input parameters click Enter Default Inputs. The results for Scenario 1 should be identical to those presented for Scenario 1 in section Effects of parity and litter growth rate on nutrient requirements.

Then change inputs as specified in the table below and record the results, after you have run the model click Calculate. Explain why. Obviously sows under Scenario 5 loose a considerable amount of body weight during lactation. Discuss the potential effect of these body weight losses on subsequent reproductive losses. What management tools are available to reduce these sow body weight losses? For example, in section Effects of parity and litter growth rate on nutrient requirements parity was shown to affect feed intake.

To explore the effect of environmental temperature with the lactating sow model, click Enter Default Inputs and in the section with the heading Feed intake, select Yes for Consider environmental temperature? Then, vary environmental temperature using the values presented in the table below and record its effect on feed intake, sow body weight gain, and milk production after running the model click Calculate after inputs have changed.

Scenario 1 2 3 Sow body weight at farrowing, kg Lactation length, day 21 21 21 Average number of pigs nursed Does it seem reasonable to assume that environmental temperature does not affect milk production and litter performance? Scenario 1 2 3 4 Inputs Sow body weight at farrowing, kg Lactation length, day 21 21 21 21 Average number of pigs nursed No Consider pig space?

No Feed Ractopamine? No Present observed growth performance? Options Do not consider Now all relevant information has been entered to generate estimates of nutrient requirements. The screen has now automatically moved to the results and you may scroll to the right of the screen to more fully display results. Results for this range in body weight will be calculated automatically.

Discuss the implications for developing phase-feeding programs. Simply enter the inputs that are specified below and in the footnotes. For each scenario, run the model click Calculate and record the results. Viewing the graphs click Graphs and then on Home to return to inputs and results may help in the interpretation of the results and answering the following questions.

SID Thr requirem. For Initial body weight i. For Body weight at 2nd injection enter How is this related to feed intake and whole-body protein deposition? Based on nutrient requirements, discuss the value of split-gender feeding. How does feeding Ractopamine to barrows influence growth performance, feed intake, and nutrient requirements? How does immunizing entire male pigs against GnRH influence growth performance, feed intake, and nutrient requirements?

Simply enter the inputs that are specified below, run the model click Calculate and record the results. New data-entry fields will appear. For Mean diet ME content, Initial body weight, and Final body weight the following values should be displayed: , 25, and For User defined mean Pd potential enter the value specified in the table e.

How can you explain the differences in response to energy intake for these two types of pigs? View the Whole body protein gain graph to help with the interpretation.

To explore this, be sure to return to the starting scenario click Enter Default Inputs. Under the header Feed intake and Options select Use observed intake as model input, and ensure that Mean is entered following Actual mean intake or intake curve , and that the values 2. Following Match observed with predicted performance?

Following Present observed growth performance? Now vary User defined mean Pd potential and Adjustment to maintenance energy requirements as indicated under inputs in the table below, and run the model click Calculate and record the results. The equations that are used to estimate carcass lean yield from carcass weight and probe back fat thickness vary among packing plants and can be adjusted.

To make adjustments, click the Carcass evaluation under Inputs and section Match observed with predicted performance?